Transposed conductor for dynamoelectric machines

ABSTRACT

A transposed stranded conductor for dynamoelectric machines having four stacks of strands transposed in the slot portion of the conductor in such a manner that each stack moves to different transverse positions in successive longitudinal sections of the bar such that the stacks are reversed in transverse position at opposite ends of the bar. Preferably, the strands are also transposed in a manner to cause inversion of the relative strand positions at opposite ends of the slot so that the conductor is fully transposed with inversion of strand position both transversely of the slot and depthwise of the slot.

United States Patent [151 3,647,932

Heller et al. 51 Mar. 7, 1972 [54] TRANSPOSED CONDUCTOR FOR 3,118,015 1/1964 Willyoung ..l74/33 DYNAMOELECTRIC MACHINES 3,546,357 12/1970 MacPherson 174/34 Inventors: Paul R. Hall", Murrysvme; William C. 3,188,377 6/1965 Hughes 174/33 gaz'gz v mg r' both of Primary Examiner-Lewis l-l. Myers 8 Assistant Examiner-A. T. Grimley [7 3] Assignee: Westinghouse Electric Corporation, Pitt- Attorney-A. T. Stratton and F. P. Lyle sburgh, Pa. 221 Filed: Dec. 11, 1970 [57] ABSTRACT A transposed stranded conductor for dynamoelectric l A l. N 7 7 [2 1 pp 0 9 ,2 8 machines having four stacks of strands transposed in the slot t 3 portion of the conductor in such a manner that each stack US. Cl- ..174/34, R, moves difi'erent transverse positions in uccesgiye longitu- [51] I (1 dinal sections of the bar such that-the stacks are reversed in [58] new of Search t 17 1 transverse position at opposite ends of the bar. Preferably, the 336/187 strands are also transposed in a manner to cause inversion of the relative strand positions at opposite ends of the slot so that [56] References cued the conductor isfully transposed with inversion of strand posi- UNITED STATES PATENTS tion both transversely of the slot and depthwise 0f the Slot.

3,280,244 10/1966 Pannen 174/34 12 Claims, 16 Drawing Figures 3 3 I I 44 34 III 3| 24 II 4| Patented, March 7. 1972 2 Sheets-Sheet 5:

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om @E TRANSPOSED CONDUCTOR FOR DYNAMOELECTRIC MACHINES BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a conductor for dynamoelectric machines, and more particularly to a transposed stranded conductor bar or half-coil for machines of large size such as turbine generators.

The winding conductors of dynamoelectric machines are placed in slots in a laminated magnetic core. When currents flow in the conductors, magnetic fluxes occur across the slots which cause induced voltages and eddy currents in the conductor. Similar fluxes link the end turn portions of the conductor outside the slot, with some additional leakage flux'from the rotor, and cause similar induced voltages in the end portions. For this reason, the conductors of large machines are always of stranded construction, being built up of a substantial number of relatively thin strands to minimize the eddy current loss. The fluxes, however, are not uniform but vary radially in density so that the induced strand voltages vary from strand to strand and circulating currents 'due to these unbalanced voltages flow between the strands causing excessive losses and heating. For this reason, it is necessary to transpose the strands in order to cancel out as far as :possible'the unbalanced strand voltages to minimize the circulating currents and resultant heating.

The most commonly used type of transposition which has been in general use for many 'years is the so-called 'Roebel transposition. In this arrangement, as shown in 'Roebel U.S. Pat. No. 1,144,252, the strands are'disposedin two side-byside stacks and are transposed within the slot'by crossoversor cranks between the stacks. ln each stack, Fthe strands are inclined so that-each strand moves radially to the top or bottom of the stack, crosses over to the other stack, moves radially through the other stack and crosses'over back'to 'the first stack. Thus, looking atthe endof the conductoneach strand moves through an angle of 360 in going=from-oneend of the slot to the other, and emerges at the other-endin the same relative position at which itenteredthe slot. Since thespacing between crossovers, or the cranking distance, is uniform throughout the length of the slot, each strand occupies all positions in the slot for equal distances and theinduced strand voltages exactly balance out so that the transposition is completely balanced within'the s1ot.'The transposition-within the slot, however, does notaffect theinduced voltagesin the endportions of the conductor outside the slot which would cause circulating currents and excessiveheating. -ln .therusual practice, this problem has been overcome bydividing the strands into groups in the-end portions-and transposing the groups at the connections betweenadjacent conductor bars which form a complete coil. In this way the strand voltagesin the end portionscan be balanced out in a complete coil or group of coils.

In many cases in machines of large size, four stacks of strands are required in orderto carry the high load currents while keeping thedimensions of the'individual strands: small enough to minimize eddy currents.-T.he usual practice insuch cases has been to place two conventional Roebel bars side by side in the slot to forma complete conductor withfour stacks of strands. When this is dong-however,Etheqgroup transpositions between adjacent conductors become very difficultand cumbersome. The strands must be separated'into: groups'in'the end portions of each conductor and the groupsmatched'with the appropriate corresponding groups in'the adjacent conductors. Numerous brazing or soldering operations are then required to make the many connections between adjacent conductors and the operation is very time consuming and costly. It would bedesirableytherefore, to eliminate the necessity of group transpositions and to connect'all -strands solidly together at eachend of the conductor: Furthermore, in some cases this has become necessary. in very large generators;.for example, where a'liquid. coolant-such as water "is circulated through hollow strands in the conductor, it is impractical to provide an individual water connection for each strand and a common water header or connector must be used at each end of the conductorto supply water to all the strands of the conductor. This necessarily shorts the strands together at each end and group transpositions are not possible. With the strands thus shorted together at each end of a conductor, the conventional Roebel transposition would still be balanced within the slot, but the unbalanced strand voltages in the end portions ofthe conductor would result in large circulating currents and excessive heating which would be too great to be tolerated.

One scheme for cancelling the unbalanced voltages in the end'portions of a twostack conductor bar has been proposed in Ringland US. Pat. No. 2,821,641. In this scheme the end portions of the conductorat opposite ends are inverted with respect to each other. This is done by transposing the two stacks of strands within the slot through in the first quarter of the slot length,,through 180 in the second and third quarters of the slot length, and through another 180 in the last quarter of the slot, making a total transposition of 540 within'the slot. The end portions are thus inverted with respect to each other. The crossover spacing in the center half of the slot is made twiceas great as the spacing in the first and fourth .-quarters so that each strand occupies all positions in the slot for equal distances and a completely balanced transposition within the slot -is obtained. The inversion of the end portions with respect to each other tends to balance opposing strand done the radial componentsof the flux in the end regions of the machine'induce voltages in the end-portions of the con- .ductors which cause circulating currents-to flow between the two paralleled=bars.which may:be ashigh as 20 to 30 percent oftheznormal full loadcurrentxObviously, circulating currents of thisvmagnitude can result in excessive'heating. The relatively simple solution of placing two conventional transposed conductors sideby sidetoobtain afour-stack conductor is therefore undesirable because of .the excessive eddy current loss 'thatmaybe-caused. One possible solution to this difficulty is sover strands of the twosets of conductor stacks from each other, as well aszdifficulty. in somecases in dissipating heat from the central two stacks which are completely surrounded andenclosed-by the two outside stacks.

'SUMMARY'OF THE INVENTION ln-accordance with thepresent invention,:a conductor bar is providedrhaving' four stacks'of strands which are transposed transversely of theslot in azmanner to reverse the stack positions from one end of the slot to'the other. In this way any effect ofradiali'flux components on-the end turn portions is balanced outand all four stacks'of strands may be connected together-at each end 'without. causing excessive. circulating currents.

iThis .transverset-orwidthwise inversion of the stacks of strands is obtainedby.transposing'them in such a manner that .each stack moves as a stack to'fdifierent transversepositions in 1 successive longitudinal sections of the conductor. These changesiin' position-may be made inany desired manner that resultsinthe completereversal of transverse stack positions at opposite ends ofthe conductor: Preferably, the stacks are also transposed inamanner to invert the relative strand positions or any other desired type of strand transposition may be used.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The invention will be more fully understood from the following detailed description of certain preferred embodiments, taken in connection with the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic side view of a four-stack conductor embodying the invention, the four stack positions being separated for clarity of illustration;

FIG. 2 is a top view of the conductor of FIG. 1;

FIGS. 3A, 3B, 3C and 3D are diagrammatic transverse sections on the lines 3A, 3B, 3C and 3D, respectively, of FIG. 1;

FIG. 4 is a top view of a conductor bar showing another embodiment of the invention; I

FIGS. 5A, 5B, 5C and 5D are diagrammatic transverse sectional views on the lines 5A, 5B, 5C and 5D, respectively, of FIG. 4;

FIG. 6 is a top view of a conductor bar showing still another embodiment of the invention; and

FIGS. 7A, 7B, 7C and 7D are diagrammatic transverse sectional views on the lines 7A, 7B, 7C and 7D, respectively, of FIG. 6.

DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS There is shown in FIGS. 1, 2 and 3 a conductor bar or halfcoil 1 for use in a dynamoelectric machine such as a large turbine generator. The conductor 1 has a straight central slot portion 2 adapted to be received in a slot ofa stator core. The slot portion 2 extends between the lines 3 which may be taken as representing the ends of a stator core of length L. The conductor 1 also has end turn portions 4 at each end which may be of any suitable configuration. The end portions 4 are only fragmentarily shown but are usually formed in a complex curve to extend circumferentially around the machine for connection to the end portion of another half coil lying in another slot.

The conductor 1 is a stranded conductor made up of a plurality of rectangular strands. The strands are arranged in four side-by-side stacks disposed in four stack positions I, II, III and IV. Four strands have been shown in each stack for the purpose of illustration although it will be understood that a much larger number of strands would normally be used in an actual conductor. It will also be understood that the strands are lightly insulated from each other, and that the conductor 1 is encased in a suitable insulating sheath to provide ground insulation for the conductor in the usual manner, although the insulation has been omitted from the drawing for clarity. Some or all of the strands may be made hollow for circulation of a liquid coolant, or other cooling means may be provided such as coolant ducts disposed between the stacks.

The four stacks of strands of which the conductor bar 1 is composed maintain their identity as they move from one end of the conductor to the other and are designated A, B, C and D in the drawing. The stack A is shown as consisting of four strands ll, 12, 13 and 14. The stack B consists of strands 21, 22, 23 and 24. The stack C consists of strands 31, 32, 33 and 34, while the stack D consists ofstrands 41, 42, 43 and 44.

The strands are transposed in the slot portion 2 of the conductor by crossovers between stacks in a manner somewhat similar to that of the usual Roebel transposition, although the crossovers are not made between adjacent stacks in all instances. In order to make clear how the transpositions are made, the four stack positions I, II, III and IV are shown separated in FIG. 1 and the strands of each stack are represented by distinctively different types of lines, so that each individual strand can readily be followed from one stack position to another as it goes from one end of the conductor to the other.

In the illustrated embodiments of the invention, the slot length L of the conductor 1 is divided into a first longitudinal section of length equal toone-fourth the slot length, a second longitudinal section having a length equal to one-half the total length L, and a third longitudinal section having a length equal to one-fourth the total length, as shown in FIG. 1. The transposition is effected in such a manner that each stack of strands moves as a stack to different transverse positions in the conductor in the successive longitudinal sections of the conductOl'.

' In the embodiment of the invention shown in FIGS. 1, 2 and 3, starting at the left-hand end of the conductor, the strands are transposed 180 in the first section in a manner to move the strands from the configuration of FIG. 3A to that of FIG. 3B, that is, the transposition is made in such a manner that stacks A and B change places and stacks C and D change places, the movement of the stacks being as indicated by the arrows in FIG. 3A. The disposition of the individual strands to effect this change in position of the stacks can be clearly seen in FIGS. 1 and 2. Thus, for example, strands l2 and 13, which are shown by solid lines, can be seen to move downward in stack position I until they reach the bottom of the conductor where they cross over under the cohductor to s tack position II and then move upward to the position corresponding to the section 38, at which point they have moved 180 from their original positions at the beginning of the slot. The other strands can similarly be followed in FIGS. 1 and 2 and it will be seen that each stack of strands moves as a stack from its original position to a different position transversely of the conductor.

In the second longitudinal section of the conductor, extending from section 38 to section 3C, the strands are transposed in such a manner that the stacks move from the positions of FIG. 38 to those of FIG. 3C; that is, stacks A and D change places and stacks B and C change places as indicated by the arrows in FIG. 38. Referring again to the illustrative strands l2 and 13 in FIGS. 1 and 2, these strands move up in stack position II to the top of the conductor, cross over the top to stack position III and move down to their positions at section 3C, where they have been transposed 180 from section 33. The movement of the other strands may similarly be followed in FIGS. 1 and2. v

In the third longitudinal section of the conductor, corresponding to the last quarter of the slot length, the stacks are transposed in the manner shown by the arrows in FIG. 3C such that the stacks C and D change places and the stacks A and B change places. This results in the final positions of the four stacks, shown in FIG. 3D, which are reversed from their initial positions of FIG. 3A at the opposite end of the conductor. The illustrative strands 12 and 13 can again be followed in FIG. 1. These strands move down in stack position III from section 3C to the bottom of the conductor, cross over to stack position IV and move up to the end of the slot where they emerge into the end portion 4 as shown. The other strands can similarly be followed through the four stack positions to effect the complete reversal of position of the stacks.

It will be noted that the individual strands have been transposed l in the first section of the conductor, in the second section, and 180 in the third section for a total transposition of 540", so that the strands of each stack are inverted in relative position at opposite ends of the conductor as can be seen in FIGS. 3A and 3D. As shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, the crossover spacing in the central section of the conductor is made twice the spacing in the two end sections so that each strand, in this embodiment of the invention, occupies all positions in the slot for equal distances as it passes through the different stack positions. The transposition is completely balanced, therefore, and the strands are inverted in position both depthwise or radially of the slot and transversely or widthwise of the slot at opposite ends. All four stacks of strands therefore can be solidly joined together at each end of the conductor,

and no undesirable eddy currents will occur since the induced voltages are substantially balanced out both in the slot and in the end portions.

It will be apparent that the particular pattern of transverse shifting of the stacks of strands from one longitudinal section of the conductor to the next shown in FIG. 1 is not the only possible pattern. FIGS. 4 and 5 show another embodiment of the invention which is generally quite similar to that previously described but with a somewhat different pattern of transposition. These Figures correspond to FIGS. 2 and 3 described above and the same reference numerals are used.

In this embodiment of the invention, the strand transpositions from one stack position to another are made generally as described for the previous embodiment but the pattern of movement of the stacks is somewhat different. Thus, in the first longitudinal section of the conductor at the left, the stacks A and C change positions with each other and the stacks B and D change positions, as shown by the arrows in FIG. 5A, resulting in the configuration of FIG. 5B'at the end of the first section. The disposition of the individual strands from one stack position to another is generally similar to that of FIG. 1 and is clearly indicated in FIG. 4. In the second section of the conductor, the stacks A and D change positions and the two outside stacks B and'C change positions, as indicated in I FIG. 58, resulting in the configuration of FIG. 5C. As in the previous embodiment, this section of the conductor is twice the length of each of the two end sections and the crossover spacing is therefore made twice as great'as the spacing in the end sections, as can be seen in FIG. 4. In the final longitudinal section at the right of the conductor, the stacks B and D change positions and the stacks A and C change positions as shown by the arrows in FIG. SC, to reach the final configuration of FIG. 5D, in which the positions of the stacks have been reversed from their positions at the opposite end of the conductor. The individual strands move through the stack positions, and crossover from one stack position to another, in essentially the same manner as in FIG. 1. It will be seen that the effect of this embodiment of the invention is the same as that of the previously described embodiment with the four stacks of strands inverted both radially and transversely of the slot at opposite ends.

In both of the embodiments of the invention so far described one section of the conductor has a concentric configuration, that is, one pair of stacks of strands is transposed around another pair. Such an arrangement may have disadvantages in some cases, such as the extra insulation required between the crossovers of the different pairs of stacks or the somewhat increased height of the concentric section.

FIGS. 6 and 7 show another embodiment of the invention in which the conductor has no concentric section. These figures correspond generally to FIGS. 2 and 3 and the same reference numerals are again used. In this embodiment of the invention, starting at the left, the stacks of strands are transposed in the first section of the conductor so that three of the stacks each move to the adjacent stack position while the fourth stack moves from one outside position to the other. That is, as illustrated in FIG. 7A, stack A is transposed from position I to position II, replacing stack B. Stack B moves to position III replacing stack C, and stack C moves to position IV replacing stack D, while stack D moves from position IV to position I. The transpositions are made in the directions of the arrows in FIG. 7A, the strands of stack D crossing over the bottom of the conductor from position IV to position I, and the other stacks each moving to the adjacent position, as indicated, to arrive at the positions of FIG. 7 B. The first section of the conductor is made equal in length to one-fourth of the slot length L and the strands of each stack are transposed through 180 in this section. The manner in which the individual strands are transposed is clearly indicated in FIG. 6 and is. generally as shown in FIG. 1.

In the second longitudinal section of the conductor, which is are made as shown by the arrows in FIG. 78, with stacks D and A changing places and stacks B and C changing places. In this section the direction of transposition is reversed with respect to the direction of transposition in the first section, as indicated by the arrows in FIG. 7B and as clearly seen in FIG. 6. The strands are again transposed through which results in putting them into the configuration shown in FIG. 7C.

In the last longitudinal section, which is made equal to onehalf the total slot length, the transposition is made in a manner similar to that of the firstsection by moving each stack to the adjacent position, but in the same direction as in the second section. As shown by the arrows in FIG. 7C, stack D moves to the first position, stack C moves from position III to position II, stack 8 moves from position IV to position III, and stack A moves from position I to position IV, the strands of stack A crossing over the bottom of the entire conductor. The strands are again transposed through 180 in this section and the final configuration shown in FIG. 7D is obtained in which the stacks are reversed in position widthwise of the conductor and the strands are also inverted in relative position at opposite ends of the conductor. Since the crossover spacing is made twice as great in the last section of the conductor as in the other two sections, as can'be seen in FIG. 6, a completely balanced 540 transposition is obtained.

It will be seen that'in this embodiment of the invention, because of the pattern in which the stacks of strands are moved between successive sections of the conductor, all crossovers between the outside stack positions are made across the bottom of the conductor and there is no concentric section whichis an advantage in many cases. It will also be seen that other modifications of this embodiment are possible with the long crossover between outside positions across either the top of the conductor or across the bottom in different longitudinal sections and with no concentric section. I

It will be apparent that although'certain specific arrangements have been'shown and described for the purpose of illustration, other patterns of transposition may be employed to effect shifting of the separate stacks of strands from one transverse position to another as they move from one end of the conductor to the other in such as manner as to obtain reversal in position at opposite ends. It is also pointed out that the particular manner of transposing the individual strands shown is not the only possible method of transposition. Thus in all three embodiments described above, a complete 540 transposition of the strands is shown, resulting in a completely balanced transposition within the slot. The invention, however, is not limited to this particular type of transposition but is applicable to otherarrangements such for example as that shown in a .copending application ofW. C. Brenner, Ser. No. 22,474, 'filed Mar. 25, 1970, and assigned to the assignee of the present invention. In that application there is shown and described a type of transposition in which untransposed sections are provided in the slot portion of the conductor in such a manner that induced voltages in the end turns are compensated and circulating currents and localized overheating in the strands are-substantially eliminated.'It will be apparent that the present invention can be applied to provide a four stack conductor bar with a'transposition of this type, or with any type of strand-transposition where widthwise inversion of a plurality of stacks of strands is desired. It will also be apparent that while four stacks of strands have been shown, the invention is not limited to a specific number of stacks of strands but in general is applicable to any conductor having an even number of stacks of strandsgreater than two.

:It should now be apparent that a transposed conductor has been provided in which any number of stacks of strands can be used and solidly connected together at the ends of the conductor without causing undesirable eddy currents and excessive losses and heating. This is accomplished in a relatively simple manner by transposing stacks of strands in a predetermined pattem such that the stacks move as stacks to different transverse positions in successivelongitudinal sections of the conductor to effect complete reversal in transverse position at opposite ends of the conductor. It will, be apparent that this ar-' rangement can be applied to strand transpositions of any desired type and that while certain specific embodiments of the invention have been shown and described for the purpose of illustration it is not limited to these particular embodiments but includes all equivalent embodiments, and modifications.

We claim:

1. A conductor bar for a dynamoelectric machine having a straight central slot portion and two end portions, said conductor bar comprising a plurality of strands disposed in an even number of sideby-side stacks greater than two, said strands being transposed in the slot portion by successive crossovers from one stack position to another, each stack of strands moving to different positions transversely of the bar in different successive longitudinal sections of the bar such that the stacks are reversed in transverse positions at opposite ends of the bar.

2. A conductor bar as defined in claim 1 in which the strands of each stack are inverted in relative positions at opposite ends ofthe bar.

3. A conductor bar as defined in claim 1 in which the strands are transposed so as to occupy all positions in the bar for substantially equal distances.

4. A conductor bar for a dynamoelectric machine having a straight central slot portion and two end portions, said conductor bar comprising a plurality of strands disposed in four side-by-side stacks, said strands being transposed in the slot portion by successive crossovers from one stack position to another, each stack of strands moving as a stack to different positions transversely of the bar in different successive lon gitudinal sections of the bar in such a manner that the stacks are reversed in transverse position at opposite ends of the bar.

5. A conductor bar as defined in claim 4 in which the strands of each stack are inverted in relative position at opposite ends of the bar.

6. A conductor bar as defined in claim 5 in which the strands are transposed so that each strand occupies-all positions in the bar for substantially equal distances.

7. A conductor bar as defined in claim 4 in which each of said stacks of strands moves from one transverse position to another in a first longitudinal section of the bar, each stack moves to another transverse position in a second longitudinal section of the bar, and each stack moves to a final transverse position in a third section of the bar.

8. A conductor bar as defined in claim 7 in which one of said sections is twice as long as each of the other two sections and the spacing between crossovers in said longer section is twice the spacing in the other two sections, whereby the strands of each stack are inverted in relative position at opposite ends of the bar and each strand occupies all positions in the bar for substantially equal distances.

9. A conductor bar as defined in claim 4 in which each stack of strands in an interior position changes places with a stack in an outside position in a first longitudinal section of the bar, the two outside stacks change places and the two inside stacks change places in a second section of the bar, and the stacks in interior positions each change places with a stack in an outside position in a third section of the bar.

10. A conductor bar as defined in claim 9 in which said second longitudinal section is twice as long as each of the first and third sections and the spacing between crossovers in the second section is twice the spacing in the first and third sections.

11. A conductor bar as defined in claim 4 in which one stack of strands in an outside position moves to the other outside position and each of the other three stacks moves to an adjacent position in a first longitudinal section of the bar, each stack in an outside position changes places with the adjacent stack in a second section of the bar, and an outside stack moves to the other outside position while each of the other stacks moves to an adjacent position in a third section of the bar, the direction of transverse movement of the stacks being op osite in the first and third sections. I

2. A conductor bar as defined in claim 11 in which one of said sections is twice as long as each of the other two sections and the spacing between crossovers in said longer section is twice the spacing in the other two sections, whereby the strands of each stack are inverted in relative position at opposite ends of the bar and each strand occupies all positions in the bar for substantially equal distances. 

1. A conductor bar for a dynamoelectric machine having a straight central slot portion and two end portions, said conductor bar comprising a plurality of strands disposed in an even number of side-by-side stacks greater than two, said strands being transposed in the slot portion by successive crossovers from one stack position to another, each stack of strands moving to different positions transversely of the bar in different successive longitudinal sections of the bar such that the stacks are reversed in transverse positions at opposite ends of the bar.
 2. A conductor bar as defined in claim 1 in which the strands of each stack are inverted in relative Positions at opposite ends of the bar.
 3. A conductor bar as defined in claim 1 in which the strands are transposed so as to occupy all positions in the bar for substantially equal distances.
 4. A conductor bar for a dynamoelectric machine having a straight central slot portion and two end portions, said conductor bar comprising a plurality of strands disposed in four side-by-side stacks, said strands being transposed in the slot portion by successive crossovers from one stack position to another, each stack of strands moving as a stack to different positions transversely of the bar in different successive longitudinal sections of the bar in such a manner that the stacks are reversed in transverse position at opposite ends of the bar.
 5. A conductor bar as defined in claim 4 in which the strands of each stack are inverted in relative position at opposite ends of the bar.
 6. A conductor bar as defined in claim 5 in which the strands are transposed so that each strand occupies all positions in the bar for substantially equal distances.
 7. A conductor bar as defined in claim 4 in which each of said stacks of strands moves from one transverse position to another in a first longitudinal section of the bar, each stack moves to another transverse position in a second longitudinal section of the bar, and each stack moves to a final transverse position in a third section of the bar.
 8. A conductor bar as defined in claim 7 in which one of said sections is twice as long as each of the other two sections and the spacing between crossovers in said longer section is twice the spacing in the other two sections, whereby the strands of each stack are inverted in relative position at opposite ends of the bar and each strand occupies all positions in the bar for substantially equal distances.
 9. A conductor bar as defined in claim 4 in which each stack of strands in an interior position changes places with a stack in an outside position in a first longitudinal section of the bar, the two outside stacks change places and the two inside stacks change places in a second section of the bar, and the stacks in interior positions each change places with a stack in an outside position in a third section of the bar.
 10. A conductor bar as defined in claim 9 in which said second longitudinal section is twice as long as each of the first and third sections and the spacing between crossovers in the second section is twice the spacing in the first and third sections.
 11. A conductor bar as defined in claim 4 in which one stack of strands in an outside position moves to the other outside position and each of the other three stacks moves to an adjacent position in a first longitudinal section of the bar, each stack in an outside position changes places with the adjacent stack in a second section of the bar, and an outside stack moves to the other outside position while each of the other stacks moves to an adjacent position in a third section of the bar, the direction of transverse movement of the stacks being opposite in the first and third sections.
 12. A conductor bar as defined in claim 11 in which one of said sections is twice as long as each of the other two sections and the spacing between crossovers in said longer section is twice the spacing in the other two sections, whereby the strands of each stack are inverted in relative position at opposite ends of the bar and each strand occupies all positions in the bar for substantially equal distances. 